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1631| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1631 | Flanders [painting] | The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints Self-Portrait with Hélèn Fourment and his Son Nicolas in their Garden. | | 23 January 1631 | France, Sweden, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Brandenburg [treaties] | By the Treaty of Bärwalde, France undertakes to subsidize Sweden for six years with an annual 1 million livres to help liberate Germany from the control of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden attempts to win over Saxony and Brandenburg, but the elector John George of Saxony, bent on neutrality, appeals to the emperor to revoke the Edict of Restitution (of March 1629) as the basis for a German settlement. | | 31 March 1631 | England [births and deaths] | John Donne, the best-known English poet of the metaphysical school, dies in London, England (59). | | 19 June 1631 | Mantua, France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Savoy [treaties] | The Treaty of Cherasco ends the War of the Mantuan Succession. French and imperialist armies agree to leave Italy; the French candidate Charles, Duke of Nevers, becomes Duke of Mantua; Savoy wins part of the duchy of Montferrat. By a secret agreement with Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France is to obtain Pinerolo and the Duke is betrothed to the sister of the French king Louis XIII; France thus gains a foothold in Italy. The treaty represents a great diplomatic triumph for Cardinal Richelieu. | | 21 June 1631 | England [births and deaths] | John Smith, English explorer who founded Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, dies in London, England (51). | | August 1631 | Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Germany [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | Count Johan Tserclaus von Tilly, with 20,000 imperialist troops freed from Italy by the ending of the War of the Mantuan Succession, invades Saxony. | | 19 August 1631 | England [births and deaths] | John Dryden, outstanding English poet, playwright and critic, poet laureate, whose major works include ‘Annus Mirabilis’ (1667) and Marriage à la mode (1672), born in Aldwincle, Northamptonshire, England (–1700). | | 17 September 1631 | Sweden, Saxony, Germany, Holy Roman Empire [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, supported by the Saxons, defeats the imperialist forces of Count Johan Tserclaus von Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld, near Leipzig, Sweden. Tilly's forces are shattered, and his defeat means that the Edict of Restitution of March 1629 cannot be enforced. |
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