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1638| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1638 | Flanders [painting] | The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints Hélèn Fourment in a Fur Wrap. | | 1638 | England [poetry] | The English poet John Milton publishes his elegy Lycidas. | | 1638 | North America [buildings] | The log cabin, which comes to epitomize the American frontier, is introduced by Swedish settlers in Delaware. | | 5 September 1638 | France [births and deaths] | Louis XIV (the ‘Sun King’), King of France 1643–1715, famous for his patronage of the arts and his embodiment of the doctrine of Absolutism, born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France (–1715). | | 17 December 1638 | Germany, France, Holy Roman Empire [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and his army, with French support, take Breisach after a four-month siege. The victory is strategically important, securing Alsace for the French and its allies, providing a gateway into Germany along the River Rhine, cutting road links between Milan and the Spanish Netherlands, and breaking the stranglehold which the Spanish and Austrians had secured around France. |
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