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1639| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1639 | France [painting] | The French artist Nicolas Poussin paints Et in Arcadia Ego/And I Too have Been in Arcadia (The Arcadian Shepherds). | | May 1639 | Ottoman Empire, Persia, Safavid Empire [treaties] | A final agreement is reached at Zuhab near Qasr-i Sirin ending the long-running war between the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Iraq is ceded to the Turks, while the area around Erwan is to be controlled by the Persians. Measures are also included to make a demarcation of the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and Persia. | | 14 May 1639 | UK [wars] | Royalist and Covenanter forces engage in the Trot of Turriff, a skirmish that opens the First Bishops' War in Scotland. The Covenanter troops are driven out of Aberdeen but retake the city on 19 June 1639. | | 18 June 1639 | UK [wars] | Due to a lack of funds, King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland is unable to attack the Scots. He signs the Pacification of Berwick, which ends the First Bishops' War, and returns to London, England. Under the terms of the agreement, Charles agrees to refer ecclesiastical affairs to a General Assembly and civil affairs to a Parliament (which is summoned for August) and to confirm the abolition of episcopacy (rule by bishops). | | September 1639 | Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire, Spain [treaties] | By the Peace of Milan, the Valtelline is returned to the Swiss canton of Grisons (modern Graubünden) by the Spanish. The treaty includes a clause guaranteeing passage for Spanish troops, though in practice the Alpine valley is no longer of any strategic importance in linking Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands. | | 21 October 1639 | Spain, United Netherlands [Spanish–Dutch War (1621–48)] | The Spanish fleet under Antonio de Aquendo, bringing reinforcements to the Spanish army in Flanders, is destroyed by the Dutch under Admiral Maarten van Tromp at the Battle of the Downs. The battle is fought in English territorial waters and has the effect of cutting another means of communication between Madrid and the Spanish Netherlands. | | 22 December 1639 | France [births and deaths] | Jean Racine, French poet and dramatist known for his tragedies Briannicus, Bérénice, and Phèdre/Phaedra, baptized in La Ferté-Milon, France (–1699). |
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