| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. |
| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. |
| 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. |
| November 1642 - February 1643 | Pacific [exploration] | Abel Janszoon Tasman, an explorer in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovers Van Dieman's Land (now Tasmania) and, in December, New Zealand. In January 1643 he sights Tonga and in February he sees the Fiji Islands. |
| 1643 | England [thought and scholarship] | Religio Medici/Religion of a Doctor by the English writer on science and religion Thomas Browne is published in an authorized edition. (An unauthorized edition appeared in 1642.) Reflections on his religious beliefs, the book contains a wealth of contemporary lore and learning. |
| 1643 | England [thought and scholarship] | English poet John Milton publishes The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, the first of his tracts defending the legitimacy of divorce. |
| 14 May 1643 | France [births and deaths] | Louis XIII the Just, king of France 1610–43 who together with Cardinal de Richelieu greatly increased his country's political power, dies in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France (41). |
| 19 May 1643 | France, Spain, Spanish Netherlands [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | The French army, under Marshal Enghien, defeats the Spanish at Rocroi on the border of the Spanish Netherlands. The battle marks the end of the superiority enjoyed by the Spanish infantry in Europe after more than a century. |
| 25 September 1643 | UK [religion] | The Assembly of Westminster, summoned by the Long Parliament in England, adopts the Solemn League and Covenant, which inaugurates a Presbyterian establishment for England and Scotland. |
| 29 November 1643 | Venice [births and deaths] | Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer, key developer of opera as a musical genre with works such as Orfeo/Orpheus (1607), dies in Venice (76). |
