| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. |
| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. |
| 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. |
| 1645 | England [poetry] | The English poet John Milton publishes his Poems. It contains several major works including L'Allegro and Il Penseroso (both written in the early 1630s). |
| 1645 | England [poetry] | The English poet Edmund Waller publishes his Poems. Many of these poems – such as the famous ‘Go, Lovely Rose!’ – have been in circulation for many years. |
| February 1645 | UK [British Civil Wars (1642–51)] | The parliamentarian New Model Army is established to replace the individual association armies (county and regional armies) organized on a regional basis between 1642 and 1643. The new army has a force of about 22,000 men and a unified command structure, with Thomas Fairfax as captain general and Philip Skippon as major general. It officially enters the field for combat in the English Civil War in May. |
| 24 March 1645 | Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria, Sweden, Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Germany [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | A combined imperial and Bavarian army is defeated by the Swedes, under the command of Marshal Lennart Torstensson, at Jankov in Bohemia. The cavalry commander General Goetz is killed and the Bavarian cavalry is destroyed. Prague is laid open to the Swedes, forcing the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III to abandon the city and move his court to Vienna. |
| 11 June 1645 | North America [media and communication] | The first news publication in the American colonies is a seven-page pamphlet printed at Cambridge, Massachusetts. |
| 14 June 1645 | UK [British Civil Wars (1642–51)] | The English parliamentarian New Model Army has its first major success when, commanded by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, it decisively defeats Royalist forces under King Charles I and his nephew Prince Rupert at the Battle of Naseby, Northamptonshire. Around 5,000 Royalists are taken prisoner. |
| 12 July 1645 | Russia [political events] | On the death of his father Michael I Romanov, Alexis I becomes the second Romanov tsar of Russia. |
| August 1645 | Sweden, Denmark-Norway [treaties] | The war between Sweden and Denmark comes to an end when the Treaty of Brömsebro is signed. By its terms, Sweden gains the islands of Ösel and Gotland in the eastern Baltic and the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen. It also retains possession of Bremen and Verdun and gains the right to occupy Halland, to the north of the Sound (Öresund), for a period of 30 years. Denmark is forced to recognize Sweden's exemption from the payment of Sound tolls. As a result, Sweden takes the place of Denmark as the foremost power in northern Europe. |
