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1647| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1647 | France [philosophy] | The French philosopher René Descartes publishes Méditations Métaphysiques/Metaphysical Meditations, the French translation of his Meditationes de Prima Philosophia/Meditations of the First Philosophy, originally published in 1641. He also publishes Principes de la philosophie/Principles of Philosophy, a French version of his Principia philosophiae, originally published in 1644. | | 6 August 1647 | UK [British Civil Wars (1642–51)] | The New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell, enters London, England, and takes control of Parliament and the City of London. | | 26 December 1647 | UK [treaties] | King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland signs the ‘Engagement’ with the Scots in which he pledges to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant, to establish the Presbyterian Church in England for three years, and to unify England and Scotland more closely in return for Scottish support in restoring him to power. |
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