| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. |
| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. |
| 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. |
| 1649 | England [poetry] | The English poet Richard Lovelace publishes his poetry collection Lucasta. One of the poems contains the well-known lines ‘Stone walls do not a prison make/Nor iron bars a cage’. |
| 20 January 1649 | UK [law and government] | The trial of King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland takes place in Westminster Hall, London, England. He is charged with levying war on Parliament and acting as a tyrant and traitor, but refuses to plead before what he regards as an illegal court. |
| 30 January 1649 | Great Britain, Ireland [births and deaths] | Charles I, king of Great Britain and Ireland 1625–49, whose authoritarian rule provoked the English Civil Wars (1642–51), is executed in London, England (48). |
| 30 January 1649 | Great Britain, Ireland [crime and punishment] | Following the beheading of King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland for being a ‘tyrant, traitor, murderer, and enemy of the people’ in the Banqueting Hall at Whitehall, London, England, the prince of Wales, in exile in The Hague, United Netherlands, takes the title Charles II. |
| 17 March 1649 | UK [political events] | The Rump Parliament in England officially abolishes the monarchy and two days later, as a result of its opposition to the trial of King Charles I, also abolishes the House of Lords. |
| 19 May 1649 | UK [political events] | England is declared to be a ‘Commonwealth or Free State’ by the Rump Parliament. Supreme authority is placed in the hands of the House of Commons and the executive powers of the monarchy are entrusted to a 40-member Council of State. |
| 2 August 1649 | UK [British Civil Wars (1642–51)] | Irish Royalists under the Earl of Ormonde, who have risen in support of Charles II, the son and heir of the late King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland, are defeated by parliamentarian forces at the Battle of Rathmines, near Dublin, Ireland. |
