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1655| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1655 | England [thought and scholarship] | English philosopher Thomas Hobbes publishes De corpore/On the Body, which attempts to explain all phenomena through mechanics, the first part of his work Elementorum philosophiae/Elements of Philosophy. | | c. 1655 | North America [architecture] | Bacon's Castle in Surrey County, Virginia, is built. Made of brick, it is in the style of an English mansion and includes features (such as Flemish gables) only recently introduced into English architecture. | | 7 April 1655 | Papal States, Italy [Catholicism] | Pope Alexander VII is elected following the death of Innocent X. | | July 1655 | Sweden, Russia, Poland [wars] | The first Northern War breaks out when King Charles X of Sweden invades Poland from two directions. The invasion is prompted by the threat created by Russia's recent invasion of Lithuania. | | 28 July 1655 | France [births and deaths] | Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, French satirist and dramatist, the subject of many romantic legends, whose best-known works include Histoire comique des états et empires de la lune/Comic History of the States and Empires of the Moon (1656), dies in Paris, France (36). | | 26 September 1655 | North America [wars] | The Dutch governor of New Amsterdam (modern New York City), Peter Stuyvesant, captures Fort Casimir (later Newcastle) in Delaware, thereby ending Swedish rule in North America. |
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