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1656| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1656–1657 | France [thought and scholarship] | The French mathematician and religious thinker Blaise Pascal publishes Lettres provinciales/Provincial Letters, a series of 18 anonymous pamphlets written in support of Jansenist views. | | 1656 | Spain [art] | The Spanish artist Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez paints Las meninas/Maids of Honour. | | 17 January 1656 | Poland, Sweden, Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany [treaties] | Sweden's threat to invade East Prussia forces the Great Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William to agree to the Treaty of Königsberg. The Elector accepts King Charles X of Sweden as feudal overlord of East Prussia, thereby removing the area from Polish sovereignty, and agrees to stay neutral in the Northern War. | | November 1656 | Portugal [administration] | King John IV of Portugal dies, leaving his underage son Afonso VI to assume the crown. A regency is established. | | 8 November 1656 | England [births and deaths] | Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician, born in Haggerston, Shoreditch, London, England (–1742). | | 20 November 1656 | Sweden, Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire, Germany [treaties] | By the Treaty of Labiau, Sweden cedes East Prussia to Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg, making him sovereign of the area. |
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