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1665| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1665 | England, Ireland [photography] | The Anglo-Irish scientist Robert Boyle constructs a small, portable camera obscura, an early form of the pinhole camera. | | 1665 | France [thought and scholarship] | The French author François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld, publishes Réflexions, ou Sentences et maximes morales/Reflections, or Axioms and Moral Maxims, a collection of witty epigrams on social and psychological themes. The book becomes known simply as his Maximes. | | 1665 | UK [health and medicine] | The last major outbreak of the Black Death (a form of bubonic plague) affects London, England, in an epidemic known as the ‘Great Plague’, which reaches a peak in September, and around 70,000 people die. Infected houses are shut up and marked with a red cross, and the inhabitants are left to die. Other towns, including Newcastle and Southampton, are also affected. | | 1665 | England [biology] | English scientist Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, the first serious scientific work on microscopy, describing the function of the microscope, and coining the name ‘cells’ to describe cavities he has found in the structure of cork. | | 1665 | Ireland [chemistry] | Using vacuum pumps, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist Robert Boyle proves that air is necessary for candles to burn and for animals to live. | | 6 February 1665 | England [births and deaths] | Queen Anne, last Stuart monarch of Great Britain and Ireland 1702–14, born in London, England (–1714). | | 4 March 1665 | UK, United Netherlands [Anglo–Dutch Wars (1652–74)] | Prompted by attacks by the Dutch and the British on each other's colonial possessions, the second Anglo-Dutch war begins. | | 17 September 1665 | Spain [administration] | King Philip IV of Spain dies and is succeeded by his underage son Charles II. A regency is established under Philip's widow Mariana. |
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