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1668| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | 1668 | France [literature and language] | The French poet Jean de La Fontaine publishes the first volume of his Fables choisies mises en vers/Selected Fables Put Into Verse, his best-known work. A second volume appears in 1678, a third in 1693. | | 1668 | England [theatre and dance] | The English poet and dramatist John Dryden publishes his essay ‘Essay of Dramatic Poesy’, a dialogue on the development of English theatre. | | 13 January 1668 | UK, Sweden, France, Spain, Portugal, United Netherlands [treaties] | The United Netherlands and Britain sign the Alliance of The Hague, whereby each promises to provide armed assistance if the other is attacked. They undertake to attempt to bring about a peace between France and Spain and, by a secret clause, aim to create peace between Spain and Portugal. The Triple Alliance is formed when Sweden signs up to the terms of the treaty. King Louis XIV of France views the Alliance as a betrayal by the Dutch, creating tension between the two countries and sowing the seeds of ill relations in the following years. | | 19 January 1668 | France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire [treaties] | King Louis XIV of France signs a partition treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I preparing for the future division of the Spanish kingdom in the event of the death of the sickly seven year old Charles II of Spain without heirs. It is agreed that France will take the Spanish Netherlands, the Franche-Comté, Naples, Sicily, Navarre, the Philippines, and Spanish possessions in Africa, while the Emperor will gain Spain, Spanish America, Milan, Sardinia, and the Balearic and Canary Islands. | | 13 February 1668 | Spain, Portugal [treaties] | After a twenty-eight year struggle, Spain finally recognizes the independence of Portugal in the Treaty of Lisbon. The sovereignty of the Braganza family is secured. | | 2 May 1668 | France, Spain, Spanish Netherlands [War of Devolution (1667–68)] | The Peace of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) is signed between France and Spain, ending the War of Devolution. King Louis XIV of France is compelled to restore the Franche-Comté to Spain but he retains Lille and the 11 other fortresses in Flanders that surrendered to French forces during the war. |
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