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1669| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | 1669 | Germany [literature and language] | The German writer Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen publishes his novels: Der Abentheurliche Simplicissimus/The Adventurous Simplicissimus. Picaresque novels, they are a satire on the Thirty Years' War. Further volumes appear in 1670 and 1672. | | 1669 | England [maths] | The English mathematician John Wallis publishes his Mechanica/Mechanics, a detailed mathematical study of mechanics. | | 1669 | Italy [zoology] | Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi publishes a treatise on the anatomy and development of the silkworm, the first description of the anatomy of an invertebrate. | | 1669 | Netherlands [art] | The Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn paints his last Self-Portrait (The Hague). | | 1669 | India, Mogul Empire [famines] | A famine kills three million people in Bengal (modern Bangladesh). | | 19 June 1669 | Poland [administration] | Michal Wisniowiecki, a Lithuanian, is elected king of Poland after a nine-month struggle over the succession. His victory prevents French attempts to extend their influence in Poland. | | 4 October 1669 | United Netherlands [births and deaths] | Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, Dutch painter, often regarded as one of the greatest in history, dies in Amsterdam, United Netherlands (63). |
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