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1677| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | 1677 | UK [architecture] | The Church of St Mary-le-Bow, in Cheapside, London, England, designed by the English architect Christopher Wren, is completed. | | 1677 | UK [theatre and dance] | The play The Rover by the English writer Aphra Behn is first performed, in London, England. | | 1677 | France [theatre and dance] | The tragedy Phèdre/Phaedra by the French dramatist Jean Racine is first performed, in Paris, France, and first printed. | | 1677 | North America [thought and scholarship] | North American preacher Increase Mather publishes The Troubles That Have Happened in New England by Reason of the Indians There. | | 1677 | Netherlands [thought and scholarship] | Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata/Ethics Demonstrated According to the Geometrical Order by the Dutch philosopher Baruch (Benedict de) Spinoza is published posthumously. One of the major works of Western philosophy, it attempts to construct a comprehensive world-view in which there is a single substance (God) with infinite attributes. | | 21 February 1677 | United Netherlands [births and deaths] | Baruch (Benedict) de Spinoza, Dutch philosopher, leading exponent of rationalism, dies in The Hague, United Netherlands (44). |
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