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1680| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | 1680 | England [physics] | English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton calculates that an inverse-square law of gravitational attraction between the Sun and planets would explain the elliptical orbits discovered by Kepler. He also puts forward a theory that the air resistance encountered by a body increases in proportion to the square of its speed. | | 1680 | France [thought and scholarship] | The French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche publishes Traité de la nature et de la grâce/A Treatise on Nature and Grace. | | 1680 | Japan [administration] | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi becomes shogun (military ruler) of Japan, ushering in one of the most tranquil and successful periods of Japanese history. |
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