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1683| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | May 1682 - August 1689 | Russia [administration] | After several days of unrest, the newly proclaimed Tsar Peter I the Great of Russia is overthrown by a faction led by the family of Tsar Alexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavsky, and backed by the Moscow Streltsy (musketeers). Peter and his mentally disabled half-brother Ivan V are proclaimed as joint tsars, with his half-sister Sofia as regent. | | 1683 | Japan [art] | The Japanese artist Hishikawa Moronobu paints A Riverboat Part. | | 1683 | China [administration] | The Chinese Manchu dynasty gains control of the previously autonomous island of Formosa, incorporating it into Fukien province. It remains a Chinese possession until 1895. | | 1683 | Netherlands [biology] | Dutch microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe bacteria. | | 6 September 1683 | France [births and deaths] | Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Seignelay, French statesman and controller of finance for France 1665–83, whose programme of economic reconstruction led to France becoming a dominant European power, dies in Paris, France (64). | | 12 September 1683 | Portugal [administration] | Pedro II accedes to the throne of Portugal on the death of his brother King Afonso VI. He has acted as Prince Regent since 1668. | | 12 September 1683 | Poland, Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Allied Austro-Polish forces under King John III Sobieski and Duke Charles of Lorraine, assisted by forces from Bavaria and Saxony, raise the Ottoman siege of Vienna. The Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa is made a scapegoat for the defeat and is executed on 25 December. The victory is a preliminary to the Habsburg reconquest of Hungary. |
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