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1684| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1667–1685 | France [law and government] | A substantial reform of French law takes place with the introduction of a new Civil Code, the Code Louis, in 1667. It is followed by the Criminal Code in 1670, the Maritime Code in 1672, the Commercial Code in 1673, and the Code Noir in 1685, which caters for slaves in the colonies. It remains the basis of French law until the Code Napoléon is introduced in 1804. | | May 1682 - August 1689 | Russia [administration] | After several days of unrest, the newly proclaimed Tsar Peter I the Great of Russia is overthrown by a faction led by the family of Tsar Alexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavsky, and backed by the Moscow Streltsy (musketeers). Peter and his mentally disabled half-brother Ivan V are proclaimed as joint tsars, with his half-sister Sofia as regent. | | 1684 | [maths] | The German philosopher and physicist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents the differential calculus, a fundamental tool in studying rates of change, independently of Newton. | | 1684 | Netherlands [physiology] | Dutch microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first describes red blood cells accurately. | | 15 April 1684 | Russia [births and deaths] | Catherine I (original name Marta Skowronska), ruling empress of Russia 1725–27, wife of Peter I the Great of Russia, born (–1727). | | 15 August 1684 | France [treaties] | The Truce of Ratisbon (Regensburg) is reluctantly signed by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, preoccupied with the Ottoman War and under pressure from the Dutch. He recognizes King Louis XIV of France's possession of the territories seized as a result of the Chambres de Réunions policy, including Strasbourg and Luxembourg, for a period of 20 years. By this agreement, the territories of France reach their greatest geographical extent to date. |
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