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1686| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | May 1682 - August 1689 | Russia [administration] | After several days of unrest, the newly proclaimed Tsar Peter I the Great of Russia is overthrown by a faction led by the family of Tsar Alexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavsky, and backed by the Moscow Streltsy (musketeers). Peter and his mentally disabled half-brother Ivan V are proclaimed as joint tsars, with his half-sister Sofia as regent. | | 1686 | England [physics] | The English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton presents his great work the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica/Mathematical Principles and Natural Philosophy to the Royal Society, but they are short of funds and unable to finance its publication. They recommend he approach his friend the English astronomer Edmond Halley. The work is published in 1687. | | 1686 | UK, America [political events] | After annulling the charter of Massachusetts, King James II of England creates the Dominion of New England in North America, which includes New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and East and West Jersey. The king appoints Edmund Andros to govern the dominion. | | 1 April 1686 | Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Brandenburg, Germany [diplomacy] | An alliance between the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg, is signed. By its terms, Brandenburg promises to support Habsburg claims in Spain and to provide assistance against French aggression. In return for the territory of Schwiebus, Brandenburg also renounces her claims to Silesia. | | 9 July 1686 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Spain, Sweden [international organizations] | In response to King Louis XIV of France 's claims to the Palatinate, the defensive League of Augsburg is formed to protect against encroachments on German soil. It includes the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, the Electors of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate, the kings of Spain and Sweden by virtue of their German territories, and other minor German princes. | | 11 December 1686 | France [births and deaths] | Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, French noble, leader of the last of the Fronde uprisings (1648–53), later an outstanding general under King Louis XIV, dies in Fontainebleu, France (65). |
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