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1690| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1689–1724 | UK [horse-racing] | The Byerley Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arab, the horses from which all modern thoroughbreds are descended in the male line, are imported to England from the Middle East and north Africa. | | 12 March 1689 - 3 July 1690 | UK [wars] | The dispossessed James II arrives at Kinsale in Ireland with French arms and assistance. In the space of a month he gains control of the entire country, with the exception of Londonderry and Enniskillen. | | 1690–1692 | North America, UK [law and government] | King William III and Queen Mary II of Britain slowly establish their authority over the British colonies by issuing new charters. James II's policy of centralization and unification in North America is greatly watered down. | | 1690 | England [thought and scholarship] | English philosopher John Locke publishes Two Treatises on Civil Government, a book that has a profound effect on the development of political philosophy. The first attacks the theory of the divine right of kings set out in Filmer's Patriarcha, published in 1680. The second expounds Locke's theory of the social contract between society and its ruler. | | 1690 | England [thought and scholarship] | English philosopher John Locke publishes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A major work in the theory of knowledge, it lays the foundation of British empiricism. | | 6 June 1690 | Spain, Holy Roman Empire, United Netherlands, UK [diplomacy] | Spain joins the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, the United Netherlands, and Britain in the Grand Alliance against France. | | 1 July 1690 | UK [wars] | King William III of England defeats the dispossessed king James II at the battle of the Boyne in Ireland. James flees to France. |
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