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1697| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1689–1724 | UK [horse-racing] | The Byerley Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arab, the horses from which all modern thoroughbreds are descended in the male line, are imported to England from the Middle East and north Africa. | | 1697 | France [literature and language] | The French writer Charles Perrault publishes Contes de ma mère l'oye/Mother Goose Stories. This famous collection of fairy stories contains such classics as ‘Sleeping Beauty’, ‘Little Red Riding Hood’, ‘Cinderella’, and ‘Bluebeard’. | | 1697 | Brazil [materials] | The first gold rush of modern times begins after gold is found in a region 200 miles inland from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The area becomes known as Minas Gerais (‘General Mines’) province. | | 1697 | France [thought and scholarship] | French philosopher Pierre Bayle publishes his two-volume Dictionnaire historique et critique/Historical and Critical Dictionary, which offers a critical guide to a wide range of religious and philosophical arguments. | | 5 April 1697 | Sweden [administration] | On the death of Charles XI, Charles XII succeeds as king of Sweden. | | 3 September 1697 | North America [treaties] | The Treaty of Rijswijk ends King William's War in North America, restoring French and British colonial possessions to their pre-war status. | | 10 September 1697 | Spanish Netherlands, United Netherlands, France, Spain, UK [treaties] | The Nine Years' War or the War of the League of Augsburg comes to an end when France and Britain, the United Netherlands, and Spain sign the Treaty of Ryswick. By its terms all conquests since 1678 except Strasbourg, both on the continent and in the colonies, are returned to their previous owners. King Louis XIV of France retains Strasbourg but Lux, Mons, and Catalonia are returned to Spain and Lorraine is returned to Charles, Duke of Lorraine. William III is recognized as king of England, the Duchess of Orléans's claim to the Palatinate is given up, and support for a French candidate for the Electorate of Cologne is abandoned. In a separate agreement, a Dutch ‘Barrier’ is established. The Dutch are allowed to establish garrisons in eight fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands, including Mons, Courtrai, Charleroi, Namur, and Luxembourg. | | 11 September 1697 | Ottoman Empire, Hungary [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)] | Austrian forces under Prince Eugène of Savoy defeat an Ottoman army under Elmas Mehmed Pasha at Zenta, effectively ending the Ottoman sultan Mustafa II's campaign to recover Hungary. Ottoman losses in the battle amount to nearly 30,000 men. | | 18 November 1697 | England [births and deaths] | William Hogarth, celebrated English satirical painter and engraver, whose works include the series A Rake's Progress (from 1732), born in London, England (–1764). |
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