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1699| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1640–1700 | North America [literature and language] | Literacy rates in the colonies, particularly in New England, are high relative to those in the Old World. Shipton, New England has a 95% literacy rate; males in Virginia have a literacy rate between 54% and 60%. | | 1689–1724 | UK [horse-racing] | The Byerley Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arab, the horses from which all modern thoroughbreds are descended in the male line, are imported to England from the Middle East and north Africa. | | 1699 | UK [thought and scholarship] | English church historian Gilbert Burnet publishes Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles, a classic exposition of Church of England beliefs. | | 1699 | England [thought and scholarship] | The English philosopher Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, publishes An Enquiry Concerning Virtue. | | 26 January 1699 | Austria, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Venice, Italy, Poland, Habsburg Monarchy [Ottoman–Russian Wars (1686–1739)] | The Peace of Carlowitz is signed by Austria, Russia, Poland, and Venice with the Ottoman Empire. By its terms, all of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I's conquests during the war, including Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia, are confirmed. Poland gains Podolia and the Ukraine. Venice gains the Morea. Russia retains its conquest of Azov, but only consents to a two-year armistice. | | 15 April 1699 | India, Mogul Empire [religion] | The tenth and last Sikh Guru Gobind Singh forms the Sikh people into Khalsa Panth. The organization is the foundation of modern Sikhism. | | 21 April 1699 | France [births and deaths] | Jean Racine, French poet and dramatist known for his tragedies Briannicus, Bérénice, and Phèdre/Phaedra, dies in Paris, France (59). | | 1 June 1699 | Spain, France, UK, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [treaties] | A second Partition Treaty between King Louis XIV of France and King William III of Britain is signed, which amends the division of the Spanish kingdom established in its predecessor of October 1698. Archduke Charles of Austria is to receive Spain, Spanish America, and the Spanish Netherlands; Louis's son, Louis the Dauphin, is to get Naples, Sicily, and Lorraine; and Charles, Duke of Lorraine, is to receive Milan as compensation. |
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