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1709| 1689–1724 | UK [horse-racing] | The Byerley Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arab, the horses from which all modern thoroughbreds are descended in the male line, are imported to England from the Middle East and north Africa. | | 1709 | UK, North America [media and communication] | William Warren sets up the first scheduled mail service between Britain and North America. | | 1709 | Germany, Netherlands [physics] | The German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit creates a thermometer using the expansion of alcohol with temperature. | | 8 July 1709 | Russia, Sweden [Great Northern War (1700–21)] | Russian forces commanded by Tsar Peter I the Great defeat the army of King Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava in southern Russia, the decisive battle that finally ends Sweden's period as a great power in Europe. | | 31 August - 11 September 1709 | UK, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, France, Spanish Netherlands [War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)] | An allied (British, Dutch, and Austrian) army under the English general John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, and the Austrian general Prince Eugène of Savoy defeat the French army of marshals Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de Villars, and Louis-François, duc de Boufflers, at Malplaquet in the Spanish Netherlands. The battle causes very heavy casualties (22,000 allied and 12,000 French), causing the Tories in Britain to nickname Marlborough ‘the Butcher’. | | 18 September 1709 | England [births and deaths] | Samuel Johnson, English essayist, critic, and lexicographer, author of the Dictionary of the English Language, born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England (–1784). |
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