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1725| 1716–1745 | Japan [political events] | Yoshimune, of the Tokugawa house of Kii, succeeds Ienobu as shogun (military ruler) of Japan. | | 29 May 1724 - 21 February 1730 | Italy [elections] | Pietro Francesco Vincenzo Maria Orsini, eldest son of the Duke of Gravina, is elected Pope Benedict XIII, after the death on 7 March of Pope Innocent XIII. | | 1725 | France [information technology] | French weaver Basile Bouchon invents the punched card system to operate weaving looms. Holes in the card, unrolled slowly from a drum, determine whether needles on the loom are raised or lowered. | | 1725 | Italy [orchestral music] | The Italian composer and violinist Antonio Vivaldi publishes Le quattro stagioni/The Four Seasons (opus 8), a set of four violin concertos. | | 1725 | Italy [painting] | The Italian artist Rosalba Carriera paints Self-Portrait with an Image of the Artist's Sister. | | c. 1725–c. 1740 | Spain [sports] | Bullfighting grows in popularity in Spain, with Francisco Romero becoming the first famous matador. | | 1725 | Italy [thought and scholarship] | Italian philosopher Gianbattista Vico publishes Scienza nuova/The New Science, in which, applying the laws of science to history, he charts the growth, maturity and decay of civilization. A revised edition appears in 1730. | | 8 February 1725 | Russia [administration] | Following the death of Tsar Peter I the Great of Russia, he is succeeded by his widow, Catherine I. The real ruler of the state during Catherine's reign is Tsar Peter's talented collaborator, Field Marshal Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. | | 8 February 1725 | Russia [births and deaths] | Peter I the Great, tsar of Russia with his brother Ivan V 1682–96 and then alone 1696–1725, who westernized Russia, dies in St Petersburg, Russia (62). | | 30 April 1725 | Habsburg Monarchy, Spain [treaties] | The diplomatic efforts of the Spanish statesman Johan Willem Ripperdá (a native of the United Netherlands but of Castilian origin) result in the Treaty of Vienna between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and King Philip V of Spain. This guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction (the proclaimed right of the emperor's daughter Maria Theresa to succeed him as ruler of all the Habsburg domains) and the Emperor's rule in his Italian provinces, and represents a reconciliation of the two powers. | | 17 October 1725 | England [births and deaths] | John Wilkes, outspoken English journalist and politician who championed radical principles of political and civil liberty, born in London, England (–1797). |
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