| 1716–1745 | Japan [political events] | Yoshimune, of the Tokugawa house of Kii, succeeds Ienobu as shogun (military ruler) of Japan. |
| 29 May 1724 - 21 February 1730 | Italy [elections] | Pietro Francesco Vincenzo Maria Orsini, eldest son of the Duke of Gravina, is elected Pope Benedict XIII, after the death on 7 March of Pope Innocent XIII. |
| c. 1725–c. 1740 | Spain [sports] | Bullfighting grows in popularity in Spain, with Francisco Romero becoming the first famous matador. |
| 1727 | UK [churches and temples] | The Church of St Mary Woolnoth, London, England, designed by the English architect Nicholas Hawksmoor, is completed. |
| 1727 | Germany [music] | The German composer Johann Sebastian Bach's choral work Matthäuspassion/Saint Matthew Passion is first performed, either this year or in 1729. |
| 2 February 1727 | UK, Spain [wars] | Without a formal declaration, war begins between Britain and Spain. Spain lays siege to Gibraltar until 24 February. In addition, Spain issues commissions for attacks against British islands and against British shipping. |
| 20 March 1727 | England [births and deaths] | Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician who laid the foundations of calculus and gravitation theory, dies in London, England (84). |
| 14 May 1727 | England [births and deaths] | Thomas Gainsborough, English portrait and landscape painter, baptized in Sudbury, Suffolk, England (–1788). |
| 17 May 1727 | Russia [births and deaths] | Catherine I (original name Marta Skowronska), ruling empress of Russia 1725–27, wife of Peter I the Great of Russia, dies in St Petersburg, Russia (43). |
| 17 May 1727 | Russia [political events] | The young Grand Duke Peter Alexeyvich (Tsar Peter II), son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexey Petrovich, is named by Catherine I, empress of Russia, as her successor, with the entire Supreme Privy Council to act as regents. |
| 11 June 1727 | Hanover, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, UK [political events] | Following the death of King George I of Great Britain and Ireland, and elector of Hanover, at Osnabrück, Hanover, he is succeeded by his son, George II. |
| 11 June 1727 | Hanover [births and deaths] | George I, elector of Hanover 1698–1727 and first Hanoverian king of Great Britain 1714–27, dies in Osnabrück, Hanover (now Germany) (67). |
