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1791| 1730–1807 | UK [newspapers] | The Daily Advertiser is launched in London, England. With its dependence on advertisements, this may be regarded as the first modern newspaper. | | 1791 | UK [newspapers] | The Observer newspaper is founded. | | 1791 | Italy [biology] | Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani announces his observations on the muscular contraction of dead frogs, which he argues are caused by electricity. | | 1791 | France [fiction] | The French writer and philosopher the Marquis de Sade publishes Justine, a novel whose eroticism and sadomasochism cause an outcry. The word ‘sadism’ is derived from his name. | | February 1791 | USA, UK [political theory] | The British-born US revolutionary Thomas Paine publishes the first part of his Rights of Man. The second part will appear in 1792. A response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution, published in 1790, it is a vigorous defense of the French Revolution and a call for the overthrow of the British monarchy. | | 2 March 1791 | England [births and deaths] | John Wesley, Anglican clergyman and evangelist who, with his brother Charles Wesley, founded the Methodist movement in the Church of England, dies in London, England (87). | | 27 April 1791 | USA [births and deaths] | Samuel Finley Breese Morse, US painter and inventor of Morse Code, born in Charlestown, Massachusetts (–1872). | | 3 May 1791 | Poland [legislation] | Poland's Four Year Sejm (parliament), in power 1788–92, introduces a new constitution, converting Poland's long-established electoral monarchy into a hereditary monarchy, giving executive power to the king and a council of state, and placing legislative power in the hands of a two-chamber Sejm. Russia opposes the changes, and promotes agitation in Poland in defence of the old constitution. | | 22 September 1791 | England [births and deaths] | Michael Faraday, English physicist and chemist whose work contributed to a basic understanding of electromagnetism, born in Newington, Surrey, England (–1867). | | 5 December 1791 | Austria [births and deaths] | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer, considered one of the world's greatest composers, dies in Vienna, Austria (35). | | 15 December 1791 | USA [legislation] | The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are ratified. They are known hereafter as the ‘Bill of Rights’. |
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| ? Mentioned in | | ? References in classic literature |
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‘Salomon Symphonies’
‘Surprise’ Symphony
Amendment, Fourth
Anima del filosofo ossia Orfeo ed Euridice
Ansbach
Banneker, Benjamin
Betty, William Henry West
Bill of Rights
births and deaths
Chénier, Marie Joseph Blaise de
| Cimadoro, Giovanni Battista
Czerny, Carl
Haydn, Joseph
Lodoïska
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Rittenhouse, David
Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel
Shield, William
United Irishmen
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| In 1791, the French Government, justly uneasy as to the fate of these two sloops, manned two large merchantmen, the Recherche and the Esperance, which left Brest the 28th of September under the command of Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. Cowper's version was published in 1791, and he fondly believed that it would take the place of Pope's. The only reason why they were ever thus arbitrarily distinguished may be attributed to the singular fact, that their existence was altogether unknown to the world until the year 1791, when they were discovered by Captain Ingraham, of Boston, Massachusetts, nearly two centuries after the discovery of the adjacent islands by the agent of the Spanish Viceroy. |