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1803| 1730–1807 | UK [newspapers] | The Daily Advertiser is launched in London, England. With its dependence on advertisements, this may be regarded as the first modern newspaper. | | 1799–1825 | [maths] | The French mathematician and physicist Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste/Celestial Mechanics, which applies calculus to the motions of celestial bodies and Isaac Newton's theories of the Solar System to show how its stability is implicit in the law of gravitation. | | 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. | | 1803 | England [chemistry] | English chemist and physicist John Dalton proposes his atomic theory of matter. He revives the theory put forward by the Greek philosopher Democritus (460–370 BC) that elements are made up of minute indestructible particles, called atoms. | | 1803 | England [economics] | The English economist Thomas Robert Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population; or, a View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness. This is a much expanded version of his 1798 tract. | | 25 February 1803 | Oberpfalz, Germany [political events] | The Enactment of Delegates of the Empire (Reichdeputationshauptschluss) at the Diet (legislative assembly) of Regensburg, Oberpfalz, reconstructs the German states. Most of the ecclesiastical estates, free imperial cities, and smaller princes lose their independence, while Bavaria and Prussia greatly improve their positions in a reorganization that proves to be a step towards eventual German unification. Under the Treaty of Lunéville (February 1802) those states and rulers who lost territory on the west bank of the Rhine were to be compensated with indemnities and territory east of the Rhine. In practice this means that the highly complex medieval arrangements are more practically reconfigured to the satisfaction of the leading rulers. | | 30 April 1803 | USA, France [political events] | The USA purchases Louisiana and New Orleans from the French, in contravention of the terms of the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1 October 1800. Including in effect the entire western half of the drainage basin of the River Mississippi, the purchase, for a total sum (including interest) of $27,267,622, roughly doubles the land area of the USA. | | 3 August 1803 | India, UK [Anglo–Maratha Wars (1782–1818)] | The second Anglo-Maratha War begins in India when British troops take the offensive against the Sindhia dynasty of Gwalior. |
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