|
1815| 1799–1825 | [maths] | The French mathematician and physicist Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste/Celestial Mechanics, which applies calculus to the motions of celestial bodies and Isaac Newton's theories of the Solar System to show how its stability is implicit in the law of gravitation. | | 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. | | 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. | | c. 1815 | USA [clothing and fashion] | Women's fashions adopt the stiff corset, leg-of-mutton sleeves, and full skirts, leading to the hoop skirt later in the century. | | 1815 | [maths] | The English physician and philologist Peter Roget invents the ‘log-log’ slide rule, although he will always be best remembered as the author of Roget's Thesaurus. | | 1815 | UK [roads] | Scottish inventor John Loudon McAdam begins building roads around Bristol, England. Comprised of two grades of large crushed stone for good drainage and to support the load, and covered by a surface of compacted smaller stones to form a pavement to withstand wear and tear and to shed water to the drainage ditches, they are the most advanced roads built to date. | | 1 March 1815 | France [Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)] | Napoleon I, having escaped from the island of Elba, lands in the south of France at Cannes and marches on the capital, Paris, with growing support. | | 25 March 1815 | Austrian Empire, UK, Prussia, Russian Empire, France, Europe [Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)] | Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia form the Fifth Coalition against Napoleon I to maintain the established order in Europe. Each agrees to send 150,000 men into the field. | | 1 April 1815 | German Empire, Brandenburg [births and deaths] | Otto von Bismarck, founder and first chancellor of the German Empire 1871–90, born in Schönhausen, Brandenburg (–1898). | | 5 April 1815 | Netherlands East Indies [natural disasters] | Tambora volcano, on Sumbawa island in the Netherlands East Indies, erupts violently, killing 50,000 people. Its height diminishes by 1,220 m/4,000 ft, while dust clouds affect the world's climate. | | 9 June 1815 | Austrian Empire [treaties] | The Congress of Vienna closes after its Final Act is passed. The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg are united to form the United Netherlands (by an act of 31 May), Switzerland is to be neutral, East Poland is ceded to Russia and the Western Provinces of Poland to Prussia, Kraków becomes an independent republic, Lombardy and Venetia are restored to Austria, Prussia gains the Rhineland and the northern region of Saxony, Hanover obtains East Friesland and Hildesheim, the German Confederation is established under the presidency of Austria (by an act of 8 June), the Bourbon monarch Ferdinand VII is restored in Spain, the Braganza dynasty returns to the Portuguese throne, Ferdinand IV is recognized as king of the Two Sicilies, the pope and the minor Italian princes are restored, and Britain retains the majority of its overseas conquests, including Malta and Heligoland. | | 18 June 1815 | France, UK, Belgium, Prussia, Netherlands [Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)] | Napoleon I of France, having pursued the Anglo-Dutch army of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, engages it in the decisive Battle of Waterloo, near the Belgian village of that name, south of Brussels. Wellington manages to hold back the French attack until the Prussian army under General Gebhard von Blücher, having avoided pursuit by a French detachment under Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, begins to arrive in the late afternoon. As the Prussians begin to attack the French right flank, Wellington orders a counterattack, forcing the French into a retreat which soon turns into a rout. | | 7 July 1815 | France [political events] | The ‘White Terror’ begins in southern France, as fanatical royalists attack revolutionary elements, Bonapartists, and Protestants. | | 2 November 1815 | England [births and deaths] | George Boole, English mathematician who develops Boolean algebra which is central to computer operations, born in Lincoln, England (–1864). | | 20 November 1815 | France, Switzerland, Austrian Empire, Prussia, Russian Empire, UK [treaties] | By the Second Treaty of Paris, France's borders are reduced to those of 1789. It yields territory to Savoy and to Switzerland, and agrees to restore captured art treasures and pay an indemnity, while the Quadruple Alliance between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain is renewed. |
How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
?Sign in  |
|---|
|
|
|