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1816| 1799–1825 | [maths] | The French mathematician and physicist Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste/Celestial Mechanics, which applies calculus to the motions of celestial bodies and Isaac Newton's theories of the Solar System to show how its stability is implicit in the law of gravitation. | | 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. | | 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. | | 1816 | France [fiction] | The Franco-Swiss writer Benjamin Constant (Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque) publishes his autobiographical novel Adolphe, a thinly disguised account of his relationship with the writer Madame de Staël. | | 1816 | England [fiction] | The English writer Jane Austen publishes her novel Emma. | | 1816 | Italy, UK, USA [opera] | The opera Il barbiere di Siviglia/The Barber of Seville, by the Italian composer Gioachino Antonio Rossini, is first performed in Rome, Italy. It is first performed in Britain in 1818 (in London, England), and in the USA in 1819 (in New York City). | | 1816 | England [poetry] | The English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes his poetry collection Christabel and Other Poems. Its best-known poem is the fragment ‘Kubla Khan, or A Vision in a Dream’, written in 1797. | | 1816 | Scotland [technology] | Scottish clergyman Robert Stirling patents the Stirling hot-air engine. It utilizes the fact that air in a cylinder heats when compressed and cools when it expands. | | 1816 | France [transport] | French photography pioneer and inventor Nicéphore Niépce invents the ‘celeripede’. A two-wheeled ancestor of the bicycle, it is propelled by pushing the feet against the ground, but cannot be steered. | | 1816 | UK [agriculture] | There is a serious famine in Ireland with the failure of the potato crop. | | 20 March 1816 | Portugal [political events] | Maria I, the insane queen of Portugal, dies. She is succeeded by her son, John VI. | | 21 April 1816 | England [births and deaths] | Charlotte Brontë, English novelist who writes Jane Eyre (1847), born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England (–1855). | | 9 July 1816 | Argentina, Spain [political events] | At the Congress of Tucuman, the United Provinces of La Plata (Argentina) declare independence from Spain. |
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