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1817| 1799–1825 | [maths] | The French mathematician and physicist Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste/Celestial Mechanics, which applies calculus to the motions of celestial bodies and Isaac Newton's theories of the Solar System to show how its stability is implicit in the law of gravitation. | | 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. | | 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. | | 1817 | England [painting] | The English artist John Constable paints Flatford Mill. | | 1817 | England [poetry] | The English poet George Gordon, Lord Byron, publishes his dramatic poem Manfred. | | 1817 | England [economics] | The English economist David Ricardo publishes his most important work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. | | 18 July 1817 | England [births and deaths] | Jane Austen, English novelist, dies in Winchester, England (41). | | 18 October 1817 | Germany [political events] | At the Wartburg festival in Jena, German students gather to celebrate the anniversaries of the death of the German Protestant reformer Martin Luther and the Battle of Leipzig (the defeat of Napoleon I), demonstrating the growing popularity of nationalism in Germany. |
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