| 1799–1825 | [maths] | The French mathematician and physicist Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes the five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste/Celestial Mechanics, which applies calculus to the motions of celestial bodies and Isaac Newton's theories of the Solar System to show how its stability is implicit in the law of gravitation. |
| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1819 | Germany [philosophy] | The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer publishes Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung/The World as Will and Idea. His major work, it has a profound influence on German culture. |
| 1819 | England [poetry] | The English poet George Gordon, Lord Byron, publishes the first part of his ‘epic satire’ Don Juan, one of his most important works. Other parts appear in 1821, 1823, and 1824. He also publishes his narrative poem Mazeppa. |
| 1819 | Switzerland [food and drink] | François-Louis Cailler sets up a chocolate factory in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the first to produce chocolate in bars. |
| 1819–1826 | UK [other structures] | Scottish engineer Thomas Telford constructs the 177 m/580 ft Menai suspension bridge over the Menai Straits between Bangor, Wales and the island of Anglesey. The first modern suspension bridge, it uses chains of wrought-iron links suspended from masonry towers at either end. Lacking stiffening girders it is vulnerable to high winds. |
| 1819 | France [transport] | The world's first omnibus service begins in Paris, France; within a decade the idea spreads to other major cities. |
| February 1819 | USA, Spain, North America [treaties] | The USA and Spain sign the Transcontinental Treaty, by which Spain cedes East Florida to the USA in exchange for US recognition that West Texas was not part of the Louisiana Purchase. The treaty also extends US territorial claims to the Pacific. |
| 6 February 1819 | UK, Singapore [political events] | The British East India Company, represented by Thomas Stamford Raffles, establishes a trading post in Singapore by treaty with the local ruler, the sultan of Johore. The preliminary treaty was concluded on 30 January. Despite opposition from the Dutch East India Company, the new post ensures British access to the trade of the China Sea. |
| 24 May 1819 | UK, Ireland, India [births and deaths] | Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1837–1901, empress of India 1876–1901, born in London, England (–1901). |
| 31 May 1819 | USA [births and deaths] | Walt Whitman, US journalist, essayist, and poet, born in West Hills, New York (–1892). |
| 1 August 1819 | USA [births and deaths] | Herman Melville, US novelist, short-story writer, and poet who writes Moby Dick, born in New York City (–1891). |
| 16 August 1819 | UK [law and government] | The ‘Peterloo Massacre’ takes place in England when a crowd of 60,000 people gathered in St Peter's Fields, Manchester, to listen to speeches on parliamentary reform and repeal of the Corn Laws, is charged on by the yeomanry. Eleven people are killed and 400 injured. |
| 19 August 1819 | Scotland, England [births and deaths] | James Watt, Scottish inventor whose improved steam engine had a major impact on the Industrial Revolution, dies in Heathfield Hall, near Birmingham, England (83). |
| 22 November 1819 | England [births and deaths] | George Eliot (pseudonym of Mary Anne Evans), English novelist, born in Chilvers Coton, Warwickshire, England (–1880). |
| 17 December 1819 | Colombia, Venezuela, New Granada, Spain [political events] | After a successful military campaign in New Granada against the Spanish colonial forces, the South American revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar becomes president of the newly formed Republic of Great Colombia, nominally consisting of the Spanish colonies of New Granada, Quito, and Venezuela. |
