| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1821–1830 | USA, UK, Ireland [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA from Britain is 27,489, and from Ireland, 54,338. |
| 1827–1838 | Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography] | A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism. |
| 1827–1838 | USA [zoology] | US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America. |
| 1828 | Estonia [physiology] | Estonian embryologist Karl von Baer describes the notochord, the development of the neural folds into the nervous system, and the main brain vesicles in Über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere/On the Development of Animals. In doing so he establishes the science of comparative embryology. |
| 1828 | Germany [chemistry] | German chemist Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea from ammonium cyanate. It is the first synthesis of an organic substance from an inorganic compound. |
| 5 January 1828 | France [law and government] | Jean-Baptiste, Vicomte de Martignac, becomes prime minister of a moderate administration in France. |
| 8 February 1828 | France [births and deaths] | Jules Verne, French author who pioneers modern science fiction writing, born in Nantes, France (–1905). |
| 20 March 1828 | Norway [births and deaths] | Henrik Johan Ibsen, Norwegian poet and playwright whose works include Peer Gynt (1867) and A Doll's House (1879), born in Skien, Norway (–1906). |
| 16 April 1828 | Spain, France [births and deaths] | Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter and engraver known for his depiction of contemporary events, dies in Bordeaux, France (81). |
| 23 June 1828 | Portugal [administration] | Dom Miguel is proclaimed king of Portugal, following a peaceful coup d'état. |
| 12 August 1828 | England [births and deaths] | William Blake, English poet and engraver, dies in London, England (70). |
| 27 August 1828 | Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina [decolonization] | Uruguay is formally proclaimed independent at the preliminary peace ending the war between Brazil and Argentina. |
| 9 September 1828 | Russia [births and deaths] | Lev Nikolayevich (‘Leo’) Tolstoy, Russian author best known for War and Peace and Anna Karenina, born in Yasnaya Polyana, Russia (–1910). |
| 11 November 1828 | USA [elections] | In the US presidential elections, Andrew Jackson (with 178 electoral votes) defeats John Quincy Adams (with 83 votes). |
| 19 November 1828 | Austria [births and deaths] | Franz Schubert, Austrian composer, dies in Vienna, Austria (31). |
