| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1821–1830 | USA, UK, Ireland [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA from Britain is 27,489, and from Ireland, 54,338. |
| 1827–1838 | Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography] | A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism. |
| 1827–1838 | USA [zoology] | US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America. |
| 1829 | USA [technology] | The US inventor William Austin Burt patents the Typographer, the first patented typewriter. A handle is used to select the letter which is then inked on a pad and pressed on the paper. |
| 1829 | USA [architecture] | The White House in Washington, DC, is completed. Work began on the ‘President's House’ in the 1790s to a design by the Irish-born architect James Hoban, the style a refined neoclassicism. The building was burnt down by the British in 1814 and work began again. Alterations to Hoban's designs were made by President Thomas Jefferson and the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe. |
| 1829 | France [education] | The French educator Louis Braille's Procédé pour écrire les paroles/A System for Writing Words is the first book in braille to be published. |
| 1829 | [maths] | Russian mathematician Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky develops hyperbolic geometry, in which a plane is regarded as part of a hyperbolic surface shaped like a saddle. Austrian mathematician János Bolyai publishes a treatise on non-Euclidean geometry in 1832. It is the beginning of non-Euclidean geometry. |
| 31 March 1829 | Italy [Catholicism] | After the death of Pope Leo XII on 10 February, the Italian clergyman Francesco Saverio Castiglioni is elected Pope Pius VIII. He is pope until 1830. |
| 13 April 1829 | UK [law and government] | The Roman Catholic Relief Bill passes the Lords, in Britain, allowing Catholics to sit and vote in Parliament, giving them the right to vote, and making them eligible for all military, civil, and corporate offices except those of Regent, Lord Chancellor of England, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. They are to take an oath denying the pope has the power to interfere in domestic affairs and recognizing the legitimacy of Britain's protestant monarchs. |
| 10 June 1829 | UK [sports] | The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race is first rowed, on the River Thames at Henley, Oxfordshire, England. Oxford wins the 3.6-km/2.25-mi race from Hambledon Lock to Henley Bridge in 14 min 30 sec, represented entirely by students from Christchurch College. |
| 8 August 1829 | France [law and government] | King Charles X of France appoints Auguste, Prince de Polignac, prime minister, an ultra-conservative who does not possess the confidence of the Chamber, in a move away from responsible government. |
| 14 September 1829 | Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Greece, Serbia [treaties] | The Treaty of Adrianople ends the Russo-Ottoman War and the Greek War of Independence. Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire recognizes the London Protocol of March 1829 which guarantees the territory of Greece and the independence of the Danubian provinces (Moldavia and Wallachia) and of Serbia. Russia obtains land south of the Caucasus. |
| 10 October - 14 October 1829 | England [railways] | George and Robert Stephenson's Rocket wins the Liverpool and Manchester Railway competition with an average speed of 58 kph/36 mph without a load, and 26 kph/16 mph with a 40 tonne load. Using a multiple fire-tube boiler, rather than the single flue boiler other contestants use, its design sets the pattern for future railway locomotives. |
