1833

1800–1850	USA [consumer products]	A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806.
1810–1859	USA [agriculture]	US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859.
1827–1838	Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography]	A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism.
1827–1838	USA [zoology]	US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America.
July 1830 - April 1833	Scotland [earth sciences]	Scottish geologist Charles Lyell publishes the first volume of his three-volume work Principles of Geology in which he argues that geological formations are the result of presently observable processes acting over millions of years. It creates a new time frame for other sciences such as biology and palaeontology.
1831–1840	USA, UK [statistics and demography]	Emigration to the USA is 75,810 from Britain and 207,381 from Ireland.
27 December 1831 - 2 October 1836	South America, Pacific [zoology]	The English naturalist Charles Darwin undertakes a five-year voyage, to South America and the Pacific, as naturalist on the Beagle. The voyage convinces him that species have evolved gradually but he waits over 20 years to publish his findings.
1833	England [religion]	The English churchman John Henry Newman publishes the first of his Tracts for the Times, pamphlets on religious subjects that become an important expression of the Oxford Movement (a reform movement within the Anglican Church). They appear until 1841, written also by John Keble, Isaac Williams, and Edward Bouverie Pusey.
1833	Germany [orchestral music]	The German composer Felix Mendelssohn completes his Symphony No. 4 (Opus 90), the Italian.
1833	USA [physiology]	The US army surgeon William Beaumont publishes Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion – the first detailed book on human digestion.
1833	England [physics]	English physicist Michael Faraday announces the basic laws of electrolysis: that the amount of a substance deposited on an electrode is proportional to the amount of electric current passed through the cell, and that the amounts of different elements are proportional to their atomic weights.
1833	Russia [fiction]	The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin publishes his novel in verse Yevgeny Onegin/Eugene Onegin, his major work. He began writing it in 1823. It quickly becomes one of the best-known works of Russian literature and is used as the basis for the 1879 opera by the Russian composer Peter Illich Tchaikovsky.
1833	Scotland [fiction]	The Scottish essayist and social historian Thomas Carlyle publishes Sartor Resartus, the Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh, a philosophical satire, in Fraser's Magazine. It appears as a book in 1836.
1833	France [fiction]	The French writer Honoré de Balzac publishes the novel Eugénie Grandet.
1833	France [historical study]	The French historian Jules Michelet publishes the first volume of his 24-volume Histoire de France/History of France. The last volume appears in 1867.
1833	Germany [communications]	German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, and German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber, construct an electromagnetic telegraph. It uses two copper wires and a compasslike mechanism for detecting the electric current, and carries messages 2.3 km/1.4 mi over housetops in Göttingen.
1833	UK [computing]	Charles Babbage creates his ‘analytical engine’ in England; it is a prototype of the modern computer, using levers, rods, and gears to perform calculations.
23 March 1833	Prussia, Austrian Empire [business and economics]	Prussia establishes a Zollverein (customs union) in Germany, incorporating Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Württemberg, from which Austria is excluded.
3 May 1833	Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Aden [political events]	The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Egypt (ostensibly a part of the Ottoman Empire but in fact already autonomous) and cedes the provinces of Syria and Aden to its ruler, Mehmet Ali.
22 May 1833	Chile [law and government]	A constitution in Chile ends internal unrest and creates an oligarchic, conservative regime, giving greater power to the president and establishing Roman Catholicism as the state religion.
8 July 1833	Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire [political events]	By the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, a defensive alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire agrees to close the Dardanelles to all but Russian ships.
29 August 1833	UK [legislation]	A British Factory Act is passed, by which no children under the age of 9 are to work in textile factories, those between 9 and 12 are not to work more than a 9-hour day and those between 9 and 11 are to receive 2 hours of education per day. Most night work is abolished.
29 September 1833	Spain [political events]	King Ferdinand VII of Spain dies and is succeeded by his infant daughter Queen Isabella II.