| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1827–1838 | Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography] | A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism. |
| 1827–1838 | USA [zoology] | US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America. |
| 1831–1840 | USA, UK [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA is 75,810 from Britain and 207,381 from Ireland. |
| 27 December 1831 - 2 October 1836 | South America, Pacific [zoology] | The English naturalist Charles Darwin undertakes a five-year voyage, to South America and the Pacific, as naturalist on the Beagle. The voyage convinces him that species have evolved gradually but he waits over 20 years to publish his findings. |
| 1835 | Germany [thought and scholarship] | The German theologian David Friedrich Strauss publishes Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet/The Life of Jesus Critically Examined. Asserting that many elements of the life of Jesus are to be understood as ‘myth’ rather than literal fact, the book is highly controversial. |
| 1835 | USA [weapons] | US manufacturer Samuel Colt patents a six-shot revolver with a rotating cartridge cylinder. Each time the trigger is pulled a new bullet moves in front of the barrel. Its effective range is 23 m/75 ft. |
| 1835 | England [art] | English pioneer of photography William Henry Fox Talbot creates Picture of a Latticed Window, the oldest existing photographic paper negative. |
| 1835 | France [fiction] | The French writer Honoré de Balzac publishes the novel Le Père Goriot/Father Goriot. |
| 1835 | France [fiction] | The French writer Théophile Gautier publishes his novel Mademoiselle de Maupin. |
| 1835 | Russia [fiction] | The Russian writer Nikolay (Vasilyevich) Gogol publishes his novel Myortvye dushi/Dead Souls, and his short story ‘Shinel’/‘The Overcoat’ – both major works of Russian literature. |
| 1835 | UK [legislation] | Bull- and bear- baiting and cockfighting are banned in Britain by an act of Parliament. |
| 1835 | Italy, Naples [opera] | The opera Lucia di Lammermoor by the Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti, is first performed, in Naples, Italy. It is based on a story by Walter Scott. |
| 1835 | Germany [plays] | The German writer Georg Büchner writes his play Dantons Tod/Danton's Death. It is published in 1850 and first performed in 1902. |
| 1835 | France [political theory] | The French historian Alexis Charles-Henri-Clérel de Tocqueville publishes the first part of his De la démocratie en Amérique/Democracy in America. The last part appears in 1840. |
| 2 March 1835 | Austrian Empire [political events] | Emperor Francis I of Austria dies and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand I. |
| 18 April 1835 | UK [administration] | Lord Melbourne becomes prime minister of a Whig administration in Britain. |
| 25 November 1835 | USA, Scotland [births and deaths] | Andrew Carnegie, US steel magnate and philanthropist, born in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland (–1919). |
| 30 November 1835 | USA [births and deaths] | Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens), US author who creates the characters Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, born in Florida, Missouri (–1910). |
