| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1827–1838 | Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography] | A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism. |
| 1827–1838 | USA [zoology] | US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America. |
| 1831–1840 | USA, UK [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA is 75,810 from Britain and 207,381 from Ireland. |
| 27 December 1831 - 2 October 1836 | South America, Pacific [zoology] | The English naturalist Charles Darwin undertakes a five-year voyage, to South America and the Pacific, as naturalist on the Beagle. The voyage convinces him that species have evolved gradually but he waits over 20 years to publish his findings. |
| 1836 | Sweden [technology] | Swedish engineer John Ericsson patents a screw propeller. Other screw propellers are patented about this time by British engineer Francis Pettit Smith (1836), Austrian engineer Joseph Ressel (1832), Scottish engineer Robert Wilson (1832), and US engineer John Stevens (1826). |
| 1836 | England [technology] | The English chemist Edward Davy designs an electromagnetic repeater for amplifying and relaying telegraphic signals. |
| 1836 | Germany [biology] | German physiologist Theodor Schwann discovers pepsin, the first known animal enzyme to be isolated. |
| 1836 | France [law and government] | The Communist League is founded in Paris, France, by emigré German intellectuals. Originally called the League of the Just, it becomes the Communist League after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels join in 1847. |
| 1836 | USA [philosophy] | The US Unitarian minister, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes his essay ‘Nature’, one of the central works of the US literary and philosophical movement Transcendentalism. |
| 1836 | Germany [philosophy] | The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer publishes Über den Willen in der Natur/On the Will in Nature. |
| 1836 | Russia [plays] | The satire Revizor/The Government Inspector by the Russian writer Nikolay (Vasilyevich) Gogol is first performed, in Moscow, Russia. |
| 22 February 1836 | France [law and government] | The first ministry of the moderate liberal Adolphe Thiers is formed in France, temporarily stabilizing French politics. |
| 2 March 1836 | USA, Mexico, Republic of Texas [administration] | Texas declares its independence from Mexico, but the USA does not recognize the Republic of Texas. |
| 6 March 1836 | Mexico, Republic of Texas [wars] | Two hundred Texans are killed at the isolated fortress of Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, when 3,000 Mexican troops commanded by Gen Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna overrun the Republic of Texas garrison. |
| 21 April 1836 | Republic of Texas, Mexico [wars] | Republic of Texas general Sam Houston defeats his Mexican counterpart General Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, thereby securing the independence of Texas and ending the Texas-Mexican War. |
| 10 June 1836 | France [births and deaths] | André Marie Ampère, French physicist who founded the science of electromagnetism, dies in Marseille, France (61). |
| 17 August 1836 | Peru, Bolivia [political events] | The Federation of Peru and Bolivia is proclaimed by the Bolivian dictator Andrés de Santa Cruz, creating a more powerful political unit under his control. |
| 11 November 1836 | Chile, Peru, Bolivia [political events] | Chile, threatened by the increase in power of its neighbours by confederation, declares war on the Peru–Bolivia Federation. |
| 18 November 1836 | England [births and deaths] | William Schwenk Gilbert, English playwright known for his works produced with Arthur Seymour Sullivan, born in London, England (–1911). |
| 7 December 1836 | USA [elections] | Americans elect Martin Van Buren president. No vice-presidential candidate wins a majority, compelling the Senate to select the vice president for the first time in US history. The Senate chooses Kentucky politician Richard M Johnson. |
