| 1800–1850 | USA [consumer products] | A revolution in retail and wholesale trade occurs: specialization transforms the urban retail market, replacing the general store with individual stores for hardware, groceries, dry goods, furnishing, books, tobacco, and so on. Cash-only sales policies are instituted around 1806. |
| 1810–1859 | USA [agriculture] | US cotton production, the vast majority of which is grown in the southern states, rises from 171,000 bales in 1810 to just under 5.4 million in 1859. |
| 1827–1838 | Ireland, Germany, USA [statistics and demography] | A period of Irish and German migration to the USA begins due to a severe winter in 1829, increased legislation against German Jews, economic stress in Ireland, and Irish factionalism. |
| 1827–1838 | USA [zoology] | US ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first volume of his multi-volume work Birds of America. |
| 1831–1840 | USA, UK [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA is 75,810 from Britain and 207,381 from Ireland. |
| 1837 | USA [shops and shopping] | Charles Lewis Tiffany opens a shop selling stationery and fancy goods in New York City: this will grow into the world's most famous jewellery store, Tiffany's. |
| 1837 | France [technology] | The French artist Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre produces a detailed photograph of his studio on a silvered copper plate. |
| 1837 | France [botany] | French chemist René Joachim Henri Dutrochet proves that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis in plants. |
| 1837 | Germany [chemistry] | German chemist Karl Friedrich Mohr enunciates the theory of conservation of energy. |
| 1837 | England [fiction] | The English writer Charles Dickens publishes his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, and begins to publish his novel Oliver Twist in the magazine Bentley's Miscellany. It is published as a book in 1838. |
| 1837 | UK [food and drink] | Using a recipe from Sir Marcus Sandys, British chemists John Lee and William Perrins produce Worcester Sauce. |
| 1837 | Scotland [historical study] | The Scottish essayist and social historian Thomas Carlyle publishes French Revolution, a colourful history that establishes his reputation. |
| 1837 | Germany, Persia [language studies] | The German teacher Georg Friedrich Grotefend publishes New Contributions to a Commentary on the Persepolitan Cuneiform Writing in which he deciphers Persian cuneiform script. |
| 1837 | [maths] | The French mathematician Siméon-Denis Poisson publishes Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements/Researches on the Probabilities of Opinions, in which he establishes the rules of probability and describes the Poisson distribution for a discrete random variable. |
| 1837 | USA [media and communication] | The US financier Alfred Lewis Vail devises ‘Morse Code’ for use with the telegraph system designed by US artist and inventor Samuel Finley Breese Morse, using dots and dashes to represent letters and numbers. |
| 3 March 1837 | USA, Republic of Texas [political events] | In one of his last acts in office, US president Andrew Jackson recognizes the Republic of Texas. |
| 31 March 1837 | England [births and deaths] | John Constable, English landscape painter, dies in London, England (59). |
| 6 June 1837 | Natal [colonization] | The Republic of Natal is formally established by Dutch settlers in southern Africa and a constitution is proclaimed. |
| 18 June 1837 | Spain [law and government] | A progressive constitution is proclaimed in Spain providing for national sovereignty, a representative house of two chambers, the absolute veto of the crown over legislation, and restricted suffrage. |
| 20 June 1837 | UK [political events] | On the death of King William IV of Britain his niece, Queen Victoria, succeeds to the throne. |
| 20 June 1837 | Hanover, UK [political events] | The German kingdom of Hanover is automatically separated from Britain when Queen Victoria comes to the British throne because Salic Law forbids female monarchs, and the conservative Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the eldest surviving son of George III of Britain, becomes king. |
| 11 November 1837 | Canada [political events] | Louis Joseph Papineau, the speaker in the Legislative Assembly, leads a rebellion in French-speaking Lower Canada. This is the result of conflicts between the British governor and the legislative councils on the one hand and the popularly elected assemblies on the other, and of friction between French and British settlers. |
| 24 November 1837 | Canada, UK [political events] | The rebels in Lower Canada attempting to break away from British rule are decisively defeated at St Charles, Lower Canada. |
| 13 December 1837 | Canada [political events] | William Lyon Mackenzie, leader of the revolt against British rule in Upper Canada, sets up a provisional government for Upper Canada from headquarters on Navy Island in the Niagara River, and prepares for an invasion of Canada. |
