| 1845–1958 | Germany [earth sciences] | German naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt lays the basis of modern geography with the publication of Kosmos/Cosmos, in which he arranges geographic knowledge in a systematic fashion. |
| 1861–1870 | USA, UK, Ireland [statistics and demography] | Emigration to the USA from Britain totals 606,896; from Ireland it is 435,779. |
| 1866–1867 | UK [boxing] | A new set of boxing rules is drafted in Britain under the auspices of John Sholto Douglas, Marquess of Queensberry. With their insistence on the wearing of padded gloves, three-minute rounds, and a count of ten for knockouts, they herald the beginning of modern boxing. |
| 1867 | Sweden [chemistry] | Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel patents the blasting explosive dynamite. |
| 1867 | Germany [economics] | The German political philosopher Karl Marx publishes the first volume of Das Kapital/Capital, his major work and the central text of communism. |
| 1867 | France, Japan [art] | The Paris Exposition Universelle (World Fair) in France introduces Japanese art to the West. Its influence can be seen in the works of artists as varied as Degas, Whistler, and van Gogh. |
| 1867 | France [materials] | French gardener Joseph Monier patents reinforced concrete by adding steel rods, bars, or mesh to the concrete. It dramatically increases the tensile strength of the concrete, making it capable of sustaining heavy stresses. |
| 1867 | Norway [plays] | The Norwegian dramatist Henrik Johan Ibsen publishes his verse play Peer Gynt. It is first performed in 1876. |
| c. 1867 | UK [sports] | The game of badminton, based on the old English game of battledore and shuttlecock (itself based on an ancient Chinese game), is devised at Badminton Hall, Gloucestershire, England, by the family and friends of the Duke of Beaufort. |
| 1867 | Germany [food and drink] | Liebig's Soluble Food for Babies, developed in Germany by Baron Justus von Liebig, is the first commercial baby food. |
| 17 February 1867 | Austrian Empire, Hungary [administration] | The Hungarian diet (national assembly) is opened and the constitution of 1848 restored. Government by Ausgleich (‘compromise’) begins, allowing for a dual monarchy under which the Magyars gain autonomy in Hungary while Austria continues to govern the rest of the Habsburg territories, with unitary foreign and war policies. |
| March 1867 | USA [legislation] | The US Congress overrides President Andrew Johnson's veto to pass the Reconstruction Act. It divides the South into five military districts, each under the command of a military governor. Civil government will be restored on an individual basis as states rejoin the Union. |
| 29 March 1867 | UK, Canada [legislation] | The British North America Act establishes the Dominion of Canada comprising Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, confederated provinces with a central parliamentary government under a British governor-general. |
| 1 April 1867 | Southeast Asia [colonies and mandate] | The rule of the British East India Company in the Straits Settlements province (comprising Singapore, Malacca, Penang, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, and Labuan) ends as it becomes a British crown colony, its residents having become unhappy at government from India. |
| 16 April 1867 | USA [births and deaths] | Wilbur Wright, US pioneer of aviation who, with his brother Orville, is the first to achieve sustained powered flight, born near Millville, Indiana (–1912). |
| 15 August 1867 | UK [legislation] | The Second Reform Act extends the franchise in Britain and redistributes parliamentary seats to reflect increasing urbanization. The electorate is roughly doubled from 1 to 2 million. |
| 25 August 1867 | England [births and deaths] | Michael Faraday, English physicist and chemist whose work contributed to a basic understanding of electromagnetism, dies in Hampton Court, Surrey, England (76). |
| 7 November 1867 | France, Poland [births and deaths] | Marie Curie (born Sklodowska), Polish-born French physicist who, with her husband Pierre Curie, discovers polonium and radium, and who wins the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 and for Chemistry in 1911, born in Warsaw, Poland (–1934). |
| 12 November 1867 | China [births and deaths] | Sun Zhong Shan (Sun Yat-sen), leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) which overthrows the Manchu dynasty, first president of the Republic of China 1911–12, and de facto ruler 1923–25, born in Xiangshan, Guangdong Province, China (–1925). |
