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22 October| 22 October 1303 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | The Italian clergyman Niccolò Boccasini is elected Pope Benedict XI following the death of Pope Boniface VIII. | | 22 October 1577 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [Dutch Revolt (1598–1609)] | The Habsburg archduke Matthias, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, arrives in Brabant, the Netherlands, secretly invited to be governor by the Council of State legitimist faction of Philippe de Croy, Duke of Aerschot. William the Silent, Prince of Orange, is appointed Ruwaard (governor) by the States-General in Brussels by popular pressure. He restores the liberties of the city of Ghent, abolished in 1540. | | 22 October 1764 | India [colonization] | The victory of British East India Company forces at Buxar, in Bihar, eastern India, over the forces of Mir Kasim (the deposed nawab of Bengal), the nawab of Oudh, and the titular Mogul emperor, leads to the establishment of British control over the Indian provinces of Bengal and Bihar. | | 22 October 1811 | Hungary [births and deaths] | Franz (Ferencz) Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer, born in Raiding, Hungary (–1886). | | 22 October 1873 | Germany, Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary [political events] | An alliance of the emperors of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary (the Dreikaiserbund) formalizes the agreement between them of 1872 to uphold autocratic government in Europe. | | 22 October 1906 | [births and deaths] | Paul Cézanne, French post-Impressionist painter whose work led to the development of cubism, dies in Aix-en-Provence, France (67). | | 22 October 1919 | Russia [Russian Civil War (1918–20)] | The Bolshevik Red Army defeats an advancing White force under General Nicolay Yudenich near Petrograd, Russia. | | 22 October 1962 | USA, USSR, Cuba [diplomacy] | The Cuban Missile Crisis begins. The US president John F Kennedy announces that the USSR has installed a missile base in Cuba, and declares a naval blockade to prevent missile shipments. | | 22 October 1962 | USA, USSR [television] | During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F Kennedy of the USA delivers his ultimatum to the USSR in a television address. | | 22–25 October 1975 | USSR [space exploration] | The Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 and Venera 10, launched on 8 June and 14 June respectively, land on Venus and transmit the first pictures from the surface of another planet. | | 22 October 1995 | England [births and deaths] | Kingsley Amis, English writer, dies in London, England (73). |
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