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27 BC| c. 400 BC–AD c. 250 | Central America [everyday life] | The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of Mayan culture takes place in Mexico. By 400 BC, large structures have been built at several sites in the tropical lowland jungle. In the highlands, people begin to put up large clay platforms, some the basis for temples and others for elite houses, flanking open plazas. | | c. 200 BC–AD c. 200 | South America [religion] | During this period the Nazca Lines are drawn in the desert along the south coast of Peru. These are enormous stylized outlines of animals, including a monkey, whale, spider, and hummingbird, and sets of parallel lines, some as long as 20 km/12 mi. They are believed to be a development of Chavín de Huantar art; they may have had religious significance, or they may have been connected with astronomy. | | c. 85 BC–AD c. 52 | East Asia [art] | The earliest known Chinese lacquer (found at Lak Lang in North Korea in modern times) is produced. | | 64 BC–AD c. 52 | Syria, Palestine, Seleucid Kingdom, Rome [treaties] | The Roman general Pompey the Great arrives at Antioch in Syria and dictates terms: King Antiochus XIII of Syria is deposed and the Seleucid dynasty ends. Syria becomes part of the Roman provinces. Hyrcanus II and his brother Aristobulus II, rival claimants for the Hasmonaean throne of Judaea, bring their claims before Pompey. Pompey supports the claim of Hyrcanus, but makes Palestine into a Roman province, appointing Hyrcanus as high priest of the Jews but the Idumean Antipater as governor of Roman Judaea. | | 27 BC | Roman Empire [civic and commercial buildings] | Roman general and engineer Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa builds the Pantheon (temple dedicated to all the gods) in Rome to commemorate the victory over the Roman general Mark Antony at Actium by the Roman emperor Octavian (now Augustus). | | 27 BC | Roman Empire [architecture] | Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio writes De architectura/On Architecture, a treatise on architecture divided into 10 books dealing with city planning, building materials, and architecture in general. He also emphasizes that architects should have a good knowledge of drawing and discusses the procedures and practices to be followed in making drawings, thus writing the first textbook on engineering drafting. | | 16 January 27 BC | Roman Empire, Spain, Gaul, Syria, Egypt, Roman Empire [administration] | The Roman Senate, in gratitude, bestows on the Roman consul Octavian the name of Augustus. Augustus remains Imperator (‘emperor’, or head of the army), and invents for himself the new title of Princeps (‘first citizen’). His authority as an elder statesman gradually hardens into imperial power. The Senate also gives him provincial imperium for ten years over a large province consisting of Spain, Gaul, Syria, and Egypt. The other provinces are given back to the Senate for administration. |
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