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270 BC| c. 400 BC–AD c. 250 | Central America [everyday life] | The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of Mayan culture takes place in Mexico. By 400 BC, large structures have been built at several sites in the tropical lowland jungle. In the highlands, people begin to put up large clay platforms, some the basis for temples and others for elite houses, flanking open plazas. | | c. 270 BC | Egypt, Ptolemaic Kingdom [tools] | Greek physicist and inventor Ctesibius of Alexandria lays the foundations for the development of modern pumps with his invention of a small pipe organ, the hydraulis, which is supplied with air by a piston pump. | | 270 BC | Carthage [administration] | The north African city of Carthage is ruled by an oligarchy of merchants under two suffetes or chief magistrates. It produces good military commanders but relies on mercenary soldiers. By this time, Carthage controls Sardinia as well as southern Spain and its own Numidian neighbours, and has naval control of the western Mediterranean. In Sicily, since the departure of King Pyrrhus of Epirus, it has reoccupied most of the island, excluding, however, the Greek city of Syracuse. | | 270 BC | Rome, Italy [colonization] | Rome, having successfully concluded its lengthy Italian wars, continues with a determined economic policy of colony planting within Italy and road building; the Via Appia is extended southwards. |
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