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331 BC| 480 BC–330 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek classical style of sculpture develops more realism than the preceding Archaic period. Its leading exponents are Phidias (in the 5th century BC), and Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus (in the 4th century BC). | | c. 400 BC–AD c. 250 | Central America [everyday life] | The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of Mayan culture takes place in Mexico. By 400 BC, large structures have been built at several sites in the tropical lowland jungle. In the highlands, people begin to put up large clay platforms, some the basis for temples and others for elite houses, flanking open plazas. | | 7 April 331 BC | Greece, Egypt [campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BC)] | Alexander the Great of Macedon takes the first major step in his Hellenizing process by founding the greatest of the cities he names after himself, Alexandria, in the Nile delta, Egypt. Many Greeks emigrate to these new cities. | | 1 October 331 BC | Greece, Persian Empire [political events] | Alexander the Great of Macedon, having left Egypt earlier in the year, defeats the Persian king Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela (near present-day Mosul, Iraq). He is now master of the Persian Empire. After Gaugamela he advances to Babylon, which surrenders to him, then into Persia, where he finds vast treasure at Susa. |
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