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3500 BC| c. 8000 BC–c. 2700 BC | Europe [tools] | The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age begins in western Europe. It is characterized by the use of microliths (very small stone tools mounted on a shaft), chipped stone tools, and bone, antler, and wooden tools. Important inventions include the barbed fish-hook, harpoon, woven basket, clay cooking pot, and the comb. Some examples of these tools have been found at Star Carr in Yorkshire, England. | | c. 3500 BC | Sumeria [transport] | The Sumerians invent the wheel. Consisting of two or three wooden segments held together by transverse struts that rotate on a wooden pole, its invention transforms transportation, warfare, and industry. It also suggests that draft animals had been tamed by this date and that metallurgy for making saws and axles is also available. Evidence indicates that the wheel was invented only once and then spread to Asia and Europe. | | c. 3500 BC | South America [animal husbandry] | The llama and alpaca are domesticated in present-day Peru. | | c. 3500 BC | Africa, Egypt, Middle East, China, Europe [animal husbandry] | The ass, the first draft animal, is domesticated and is in common use in northeast Africa, Egypt, the Mediterranean basin, and both the Near and Far East. They are used as pack animals and are in regular service on caravan routes stretching from eastern Europe and northern Africa to India and China. | | c. 3500 BC | Europe [astronomy] | The Grand Menhir of Locmariaquer is erected in Brittany, France. Set among other standing stones, it is the largest in the world, at 20 m/66 ft high and 380 tonnes in weight. | | c. 3500 BC | Sumeria [ceramics] | The potter's wheel is in use in the manufacture of Sumerian pottery, giving it a more symmetrical style. | | c. 3500 BC | Europe [farming] | The wheat–barley/cattle–pigs–sheep agricultural complex reaches Britain and Scandinavia. |
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