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411 BC| c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Europe [everyday life] | The Celts begin to make an impression on European history. They are divided into a number of different tribes, sharing a distinctive decorative style of art, characterized by curving designs and mythical animals. These can be seen on their jewellery (gold and bronze torques), their weapons (decorated shields and sword scabbards), and their pottery and other vessels. The Celts probably originate in northwest and central Europe, France (particularly the area of Champagne), Switzerland, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia. The area of the western Hallstatt, Upper Austria, is also associated with the Celts. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Rome [wars] | Rome and its Latin allies are almost constantly at war with both the Etruscans in the north and the native mountain tribes to the south, in particular the Aequi and the Volscians. | | 480 BC–330 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek classical style of sculpture develops more realism than the preceding Archaic period. Its leading exponents are Phidias (in the 5th century BC), and Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus (in the 4th century BC). | | 411 BC | Greece [historical study] | Athenian historian Thucydides finishes writing his History. The Greek historian Xenophon continues the work in 383 BC. | | 411 BC | Greece [Peloponnesian War (431 BC)] | An oligarchic council of 400 seizes power in the Greek city-state of Athens in an effort to exert more efficient control in the conduct of the Second Peloponnesian War. The orator Antiphon is one of the chief instigators of this oligarchic revolution, and one of the two ringleaders to be executed subsequently. A fragment of his defence speech, recorded on papyrus, survives to modern times, together with three other complete speeches. | | 411 BC | Greece [plays] | The comedy Lysistrata, by the Greek comedy dramatist Aristophanes, voices the war-weariness of Athens. Women in the play withdraw sex in order try to force their menfolk to make peace. |
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