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418| 200–700 | Central America [statistics and demography] | The Zapotec site of Monte Albán in Central America is at its peak in this period. It may have had 30,000 or more inhabitants. It is the centre of a complex of public buildings, temples, and dwellings that cover 40 sq km/15 sq mi. | | 400–500 | India [chess] | Shaturanga (or chaturanga), ‘the army game’, an ancestor of chess through the Persian game of shatranj (or chatrang), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent. | | 413–426 | Roman Empire [Christianity] | Bishop Augustine begins to writes his De civitate dei/City of God as a reply to the charge that Christianity was responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire. According to Augustine, obedience to the state is important, although man's ultimate end is the City of God beyond this world. | | 418 | Western Roman Empire, Spain, Gaul [wars] | The western Roman emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, King of the Visigoths, into regaining Spain for the Empire. His victory over the Vandals, who overran Spain in 409, forces them to retire to Vandalusia (Andalusia). The Visigoth land in Gaul now extends from the River Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse. |
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