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418 BC| c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Europe [everyday life] | The Celts begin to make an impression on European history. They are divided into a number of different tribes, sharing a distinctive decorative style of art, characterized by curving designs and mythical animals. These can be seen on their jewellery (gold and bronze torques), their weapons (decorated shields and sword scabbards), and their pottery and other vessels. The Celts probably originate in northwest and central Europe, France (particularly the area of Champagne), Switzerland, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia. The area of the western Hallstatt, Upper Austria, is also associated with the Celts. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Rome [wars] | Rome and its Latin allies are almost constantly at war with both the Etruscans in the north and the native mountain tribes to the south, in particular the Aequi and the Volscians. | | 480 BC–330 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek classical style of sculpture develops more realism than the preceding Archaic period. Its leading exponents are Phidias (in the 5th century BC), and Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus (in the 4th century BC). | | 418 BC | Greece [Peloponnesian War (431 BC)] | Sparta invades the Peloponnesian city of Argos, and Athens, which allied itself with Argos in 420 BC, breaks the peace and comes to the aid of the Argives, attacking the Peloponnesian city of Epidaurus and advancing on the city-state of Tegea in southeast Arcadia. | | 418 BC | Greece [Peloponnesian War (431 BC)] | The Argives (inhabitants of the Peloponnesian city of Argos) and the Athenians are defeated at the Battle of Mantinea in the centre of the Peloponnese, and Argos switches allegiance from Athens to Sparta, as do its allies. Athens is becoming increasingly isolated. |
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