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45 BC| c. 400 BC–AD c. 250 | Central America [everyday life] | The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of Mayan culture takes place in Mexico. By 400 BC, large structures have been built at several sites in the tropical lowland jungle. In the highlands, people begin to put up large clay platforms, some the basis for temples and others for elite houses, flanking open plazas. | | c. 200 BC–AD c. 200 | South America [religion] | During this period the Nazca Lines are drawn in the desert along the south coast of Peru. These are enormous stylized outlines of animals, including a monkey, whale, spider, and hummingbird, and sets of parallel lines, some as long as 20 km/12 mi. They are believed to be a development of Chavín de Huantar art; they may have had religious significance, or they may have been connected with astronomy. | | c. 85 BC–AD c. 52 | East Asia [art] | The earliest known Chinese lacquer (found at Lak Lang in North Korea in modern times) is produced. | | 64 BC–AD c. 52 | Syria, Palestine, Seleucid Kingdom, Rome [treaties] | The Roman general Pompey the Great arrives at Antioch in Syria and dictates terms: King Antiochus XIII of Syria is deposed and the Seleucid dynasty ends. Syria becomes part of the Roman provinces. Hyrcanus II and his brother Aristobulus II, rival claimants for the Hasmonaean throne of Judaea, bring their claims before Pompey. Pompey supports the claim of Hyrcanus, but makes Palestine into a Roman province, appointing Hyrcanus as high priest of the Jews but the Idumean Antipater as governor of Roman Judaea. | | 45 BC | Rome, Spain [wars] | The Roman consul and dictator Julius Caesar is forced to fight one last battle against the Pompeians to end the civil war. He returns to Spain, where he finally defeats Pompey the Great's sons and the turncoat general Titus Labienus at the hard-fought Battle of Munda (between Seville and Málaga), although Sextus Pompeius escapes. Caesar severely punishes the Spanish districts that supported the Pompeians, and makes some preliminary plans for the colonies he intends to establish there, then returns to Rome. | | 45 BC | Rome [administration] | Roman dictator and consul Julius Caesar increases the Senate to 900 and widens its recruitment. He reduces the free corn ration but encourages colonization for Roman citizens, especially in Africa, Spain, and the East. He also settles many of his veterans in colonies, mainly in Gallia Narbonensis, Sicily, and Africa. He begins the rebuilding and repopulation of both Carthage and Corinth. He issues sumptuary laws against luxury, appoints a commission to simplify the laws, and begins the task of putting Rome's finances in order. On 1 January he also introduces the Julian calendar, which has become the calendar of the Western world. |
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