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46 BC| c. 400 BC–AD c. 250 | Central America [everyday life] | The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of Mayan culture takes place in Mexico. By 400 BC, large structures have been built at several sites in the tropical lowland jungle. In the highlands, people begin to put up large clay platforms, some the basis for temples and others for elite houses, flanking open plazas. | | c. 200 BC–AD c. 200 | South America [religion] | During this period the Nazca Lines are drawn in the desert along the south coast of Peru. These are enormous stylized outlines of animals, including a monkey, whale, spider, and hummingbird, and sets of parallel lines, some as long as 20 km/12 mi. They are believed to be a development of Chavín de Huantar art; they may have had religious significance, or they may have been connected with astronomy. | | c. 85 BC–AD c. 52 | East Asia [art] | The earliest known Chinese lacquer (found at Lak Lang in North Korea in modern times) is produced. | | 64 BC–AD c. 52 | Syria, Palestine, Seleucid Kingdom, Rome [treaties] | The Roman general Pompey the Great arrives at Antioch in Syria and dictates terms: King Antiochus XIII of Syria is deposed and the Seleucid dynasty ends. Syria becomes part of the Roman provinces. Hyrcanus II and his brother Aristobulus II, rival claimants for the Hasmonaean throne of Judaea, bring their claims before Pompey. Pompey supports the claim of Hyrcanus, but makes Palestine into a Roman province, appointing Hyrcanus as high priest of the Jews but the Idumean Antipater as governor of Roman Judaea. | | 46 BC | Rome, Numidia [wars] | The Roman statesman and general Julius Caesar overwhelmingly defeats the Pompeian forces at the Battle of Thapsus in Carthaginia, north Africa. Titus Labienus, the only officer of the Gallic Wars to have deserted Caesar for Roman general and statesman Pompey the Great, and Pompey's son Sextus Pompeius flee to Spain, where Gnaeus Pompeius, another of Pompey's sons, has established himself. The Roman tribune (magistrate) Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger and King Juba I of Numidia commit suicide, and Numidia becomes a Roman province. | | 46 BC | Rome [weights and measures] | The Roman consul and dictator Julius Caesar instructs Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes to bring the Roman Republican calendar into line with the solar year. He creates the Julian calendar in which the year is 365 ¼ days long and begins 1 January. An extra day is inserted between 23 and 24 February every four years. The year 46 BC is 445 days long to bring it into line with the solar year. | | 46 BC | Rome [administration] | Roman statesman and general Julius Caesar returns to Rome and is made consul and dictator for ten years. He is also given a new office, Prefect of Morals, equivalent to the office of Censo but with vastly extended powers. He declares an amnesty for those who have borne arms against him. The defeated Celtic prince Vercingetorix graces Caesar's four-day triumph (victory procession) and is then put to death. Caesar gives cash bounties to his troops and money to all the poorest citizens of Rome. Marcus Lepidus is consul with Caesar. |
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