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479 BC| c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Europe [everyday life] | The Celts begin to make an impression on European history. They are divided into a number of different tribes, sharing a distinctive decorative style of art, characterized by curving designs and mythical animals. These can be seen on their jewellery (gold and bronze torques), their weapons (decorated shields and sword scabbards), and their pottery and other vessels. The Celts probably originate in northwest and central Europe, France (particularly the area of Champagne), Switzerland, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia. The area of the western Hallstatt, Upper Austria, is also associated with the Celts. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Rome [wars] | Rome and its Latin allies are almost constantly at war with both the Etruscans in the north and the native mountain tribes to the south, in particular the Aequi and the Volscians. | | 498 BC–446 BC | Greece [poetry] | Greek lyric poet Pindar composes odes in honour of athletes, most of them charioteers, at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean Games in Greece. | | 480 BC–330 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek classical style of sculpture develops more realism than the preceding Archaic period. Its leading exponents are Phidias (in the 5th century BC), and Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus (in the 4th century BC). | | 479 BC | China [births and deaths] | Confucius (Chinese: K'ung-fu-tzu, or Pinyin: Kongfuzi), celebrated Chinese philosopher and political theorist, dies in Lu, now in Shantung Province, China (c. 72). | | 479 BC | Persian Empire, Greece [Greek–Persian War (490 BC)] | King Xerxes of Persia leaves the conduct of the war in Greece to his general, Mardonius, and the Persians are defeated at the Battle of Plataea. They are also defeated at sea in the Battle of Mycale, off the coast of Asia Minor, and their ships are destroyed. The task of freeing the Ionian cities from Persian domination begins: the Athenians under the command of Xanthippus proceed to the Hellespont and capture the town of Sestos. |
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