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480 BC| c. 600 BC–c. 480 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek Archaic period of sculpture is evident, a typical form being the kouros, a rigid freestanding nude. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Rome [wars] | Rome and its Latin allies are almost constantly at war with both the Etruscans in the north and the native mountain tribes to the south, in particular the Aequi and the Volscians. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Europe [everyday life] | The Celts begin to make an impression on European history. They are divided into a number of different tribes, sharing a distinctive decorative style of art, characterized by curving designs and mythical animals. These can be seen on their jewellery (gold and bronze torques), their weapons (decorated shields and sword scabbards), and their pottery and other vessels. The Celts probably originate in northwest and central Europe, France (particularly the area of Champagne), Switzerland, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia. The area of the western Hallstatt, Upper Austria, is also associated with the Celts. | | 498 BC–446 BC | Greece [poetry] | Greek lyric poet Pindar composes odes in honour of athletes, most of them charioteers, at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean Games in Greece. | | 480 BC | Europe [colonization] | Celts of the Hallstatt culture of upper Austria begin to arrive in Britain in substantial numbers. This is the main period of Celtic immigration, greatly augmenting and changing the balance of Britain's population, and is known as Britain's ‘Iron Age’ culture. | | 480 BC–330 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek classical style of sculpture develops more realism than the preceding Archaic period. Its leading exponents are Phidias (in the 5th century BC), and Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus (in the 4th century BC). | | 8 August 480 BC | Greece [Greek–Persian War (490 BC)] | A small force under King Leonidas of Sparta holds the invading Persian land force at the pass of Thermopylae (leading from Thessaly to Phocis in central Greece), inflicting heavy casualties on them. The Spartans are wiped out but their bravery becomes almost legendary. | | 9 September 480 BC | Greece [Greek–Persian War (490 BC)] | The Greek city of Athens is besieged and burnt by the Persians, but the Athenians, under general Themistocles and Aristides, who has recently been recalled from exile, destroy the Persian fleet in a naval battle in the Bay of Salamis. The Persian army retires to winter in Thessaly. |
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