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490 BC| c. 600 BC–c. 480 BC | Greece [sculpture] | The Greek Archaic period of sculpture is evident, a typical form being the kouros, a rigid freestanding nude. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Rome [wars] | Rome and its Latin allies are almost constantly at war with both the Etruscans in the north and the native mountain tribes to the south, in particular the Aequi and the Volscians. | | 500 BC–490 BC | Persian Empire, Greece [Greek–Persian War (490 BC)] | King Darius the Great is enraged by mainland Greek intervention in Asia Minor. He demands earth and water, the symbols of submission, from the Greek city-states. Some, including Aegina, submit but Athens and Sparta disdainfully reject his demand and in 490 BC the Persian Wars begin. | | c. 500 BC–c. 400 BC | Europe [everyday life] | The Celts begin to make an impression on European history. They are divided into a number of different tribes, sharing a distinctive decorative style of art, characterized by curving designs and mythical animals. These can be seen on their jewellery (gold and bronze torques), their weapons (decorated shields and sword scabbards), and their pottery and other vessels. The Celts probably originate in northwest and central Europe, France (particularly the area of Champagne), Switzerland, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia. The area of the western Hallstatt, Upper Austria, is also associated with the Celts. | | 498 BC–446 BC | Greece [poetry] | Greek lyric poet Pindar composes odes in honour of athletes, most of them charioteers, at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean Games in Greece. | | 490 BC | Greece [Greek–Persian War (490 BC)] | King Darius I of Persia launches an expedition to mainland Greece, seeking revenge on the Athenians and Eretrians who backed the Ionian revolt against Persian rule. The city of Eretria is destroyed and Athens is in danger. The Persians land in the Bay of Marathon, north of Athens, where they meet in battle against the Athenians, supported by the Plataeans. The runner Philippides (or Pheidippides) is sent to Sparta to get help, but the Spartans delay sending troops, and the Greeks under Miltiades the Younger defeat the Persians without their help. The decisive role of the city-state of Athens in this anti-Persian coalition and the Spartans' failure to back the venture will have great ramifications for Greek politics in the 5th century BC. |
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