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656| 200–700 | Central America [statistics and demography] | The Zapotec site of Monte Albán in Central America is at its peak in this period. It may have had 30,000 or more inhabitants. It is the centre of a complex of public buildings, temples, and dwellings that cover 40 sq km/15 sq mi. | | 598–665 | [maths] | Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta uses negative numbers in mathematics, and introduces a method of approximation for calculating the sines of small angles. | | 630–668 | India [law and government] | During the reign of Narasimhavarman I, the Pallava dynasty is the dominant power of southern India. After his death, the Pallava kingdom comes under pressure from the Chalukyas and goes into decline, disappearing about 900. | | 17 June 656 | Arab Caliphate [political events] | The rapid growth of the Arab caliphate causes social and political tensions, culminating in the murder of the caliph Uthman in his own home in Medina (in modern Saudi Arabia) by rebel soldiers. The Islamic prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, becomes the fourth caliph, though many suspect him of complicity in Uthman's murder. | | December 656 | Arab Caliphate, Mesopotamia [wars] | Muawiya of the Umayyad clan revolts but is defeated by Ali, the caliph of Islam, at the Battle of the Camel at Khoraiba in South Iraq. Muawiya is supported by the Islamic prophet Muhammad's widow, Aisha, who commands her contingent of troops from the back of a camel, from which the battle gets its name. |
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